上海新航道雅思小編給考生們帶來了劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2原文翻譯：回到摩天大樓設計的未來。希望幫助考生對照文本更好的研究真題，充分備考，爭取理想成績，實現留學夢想。相應的原文答案解析，請點擊：劍橋雅思14Test2閱讀Passage2答案解析 。

  劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2原文

  Back to the future of skyscraper design

  Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries

  A The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.

  'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.

  B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units. Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.

  C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.

  D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

  'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens· in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

  E 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.

  Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'

  Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half thevolume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

  F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

  While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.

  G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.

  'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'

  H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.

  Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

  I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.

  Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.

  劍14Test2雅思閱讀Passage2翻譯

  回到摩天大樓設計的未來

  從19世紀和20世紀初獨具匠心卻被遺忘的建筑設計中

  尋找解決摩天大樓和大型公共建筑過度用電問題的答案

  A Alan Short教授所著的《在建筑中恢復自然環境》一書是30年調查研究的結品,也是Short及其在劍橋大學建筑學、工程學、應用數學和地球科學領域的同事們共同完成的榮獲綠色建筑設計獎的巔峰之作。

  “建筑設計的危機已然來臨,” Short說道。“決策者們認為,我們可以用一些小裝置來解決能源和建筑問題。其實不然。隨著全球氣溫持續升高,我們將繼續浪費越來越多的能源去機械地降低建筑內的溫度,直至能源耗盡。”

  B Short正在呼吁對摩天大樓和大型公共建筑的設計方式進行徹底的改革—一以停止依賴。封閉式建筑,因為它們只是依靠大型空調機組這樣的“生命保障”系統而存在。與之相反,他證明了通過回顧過去,完全有可能在大型建筑中實現自然通風和降溫我們可以看一看在被發明者“大肆推廣”的空調系統普及之前的建筑設計。

  C Short指出,為了讓大多數現代建筑適宜居住,人們將其封閉起來并配備空調。這種做法所造成的能源消耗和碳排放都極為驚人,在很大程度上并沒有必要。西方建筑物(的用電量)占用電量的409%—50%,產生了大量的碳排放,而世界其他地區(的用電量)正以驚人的速度迎頭趕上。 Short將玻璃、鋼鐵和裝有空調的摩天大樓視為地位的象征,而不是滿足需求的切實可行的方法。

  D Short的著作突出強調了19世紀和20世紀初尚在發展中卻又復雜精妙的關于通風建筑的藝術和科學,包括巧妙設計通風的醫院大樓。其中尤為讓人感興趣的是根據John Shaw Billings的設計建造一些建筑,包括美國巴爾的摩市的第一家約翰霍普金斯醫院(1873-1889)

  “我們耗時3年做出了 Billings最終設計的數字模型,"Shor說道。“我們將病原體釋放到氣流中,模擬肺結核病人在病房內咳嗽,之后我們發現,房間內的通風系統可以保護其他病人免受傳染。

  E“我們發現,19世紀的醫院病房1小時之內可以換氣24次——一類似一家由計算機控制的現代劇院的換氣次數。我們認為,現在仍可以基于這些原理來設計病房。

  單間病房不可能適合所有病人。適合某些病人——比如患有癡呆的老年人的多人病房在現代醫院也適用,而且能源消耗極少。

  Short教授認為,這些設計背后的理念和技術已經完全丟失了,他為那些巧妙設計的戲院、歌劇院和其他建筑的消失而感到痛惜,而這些建筑中多達一半的空間都是用來確保人人都能呼吸到新鮮空氣。

  F 19世紀之所以出現那么多設計精妙的醫院和建筑,是因為恐慌的民眾要求建造可以保護他們免受瘴氣傷害的建筑。瘴氣在當時被認為是致命的威脅,是一種可以傳播疾病的毒氣。人們害怕瘴氣,是因為數百年來,它都被視為疾病和流行病的主要媒介,它還被認為是從中世紀的感染一直到19世紀50年代倫敦和巴黎霍亂爆發的原因。人們認為,污濁難聞的空氣,而非病菌,是“熱病”發作的主要原因,進而導致疾病和大量死亡。富人們則對醫院唯恐避之不及。

  盡管瘴氣理論早已被推翻,但在過去的30年間, Short一直在提倡重拾因其而產生的些建筑設計理念。

  G 如今,建筑空間和建造成本的很大一部分都用在了空調系統上。“但是過去這30年我已經設計并且建造了一系列建筑,運用的是早期的設計理念,然后驗證其結果。

  “為了走向嶄新的低能低碳未來,我們最好回顧一下在現在的高能高碳出現之前的設計。令人驚訝的是,我們竟然丟棄了如此寶黃的遺產。”

  H Short的設計理念有一些成功的案例,其中包括位于萊斯特市的德蒙福特大學的女王大廈。整座建筑可以容納2000名員工和學生,完全采用自然通風、被動冷卻和自然照明的方式建造,其中最大的兩個禮堂(每個禮堂可容納150多人)也是如此。這座獲獎建筑的用電量只是英國同類建筑的一小部分。

  Short認為,如果氣候模型預測的情況和能源價格上漲如期到來,那么在未來的20或30年,倫敦乃至全世界的玻璃大廈都應為此負責。

  I 他堅信,建造充分利用自然環境降溫的摩天大樓適用于任何氣候條件。他和因隊已經在北京和芝加哥惡劣的環境下建造了混合結構的建筑——一自然通風設備輔以空調系統令人驚訝的是,在較暖和的天氣以及春、秋季節,有一半以上的時間都不需要打開空調。

  Shor著眼于我們可以如何重新構想未來的城市辦公黨和家庭。也許是時候改變一下我們的觀點了。

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