Section 1

Version

Topic

V17133

student camp

Questions 1-10

Day one

1. Try climbing for the first time

2. the students can pay to borrow shoes during the camp (原?文?用hire替換pay to borrow）

3. lunch will be barbecue or pizza (if weather is good, make BBQ, if it’s not, then pizza)

4. students can enjoy spectacular view of the city

Day two

5. students can try football game

6. in the afternoon, they will watch dancing from aborigines

7. students live in a block named Paige

8. when the camps are full, it can contain 95 students

9. the price is 150 pounds per student

10. it does not include transport

Section 2

Version

Topic

V17133

Bridge to Brisbane Fun Run Race

Questions 11-14

11. Which parking place is recommended?

A. sports ground

B. shopping center

C. river banking

12. Where should they put Timing chip?

A. on cloth or singlet

B. on the shoes

C. on wristband

13. Which color group runs first?

A. yellow (made of athletes which should lead the run)

B. red

C. purple

14. What do they need more volunteers for?

A. first aid

B. hand out water (distribute water)

C. start the run

Questions 15-20

15. Stage---F

16. T-shirt---A (at the end of the two paths)

17. bag collection---B (near Bowen Road)

18. information center---H (in the middle, below path)

19. Prize award---G (between …)

20. I

Section 3

Version

Topic

V07134

學生和tour guide 討論field trip in Mexico

Questions 21-25

Choose the letter A, B or C

21. In order to go to the trip, student must  

A. inform their tutor

B. register the admission

C. fill in the application form

22. how much of the cost should university pay:

A. 450

B. 1000

C. 2000

23. A biology’s definition of a desert is

A. water evaporates faster than it falls

B. less than 4 cm of rain

C. rare rain

24. the destination of the trip is:

A. desert grassland

B. marine desert

C. desert scrub

25. the field trip has been chosen because of

A. its animals

B. its plants

C. its birds

Questions 26-30

26. the trip is only designed for undergraduate student

27. students will be on a ship as the base of the trip

28. students will have to write a journal every day

29. the oldest plant in the area is 12000 years old

30. the tour guide recommended a reference book called baked earth

Section 4

Version

Topic

V17133

Lecture on elephant

Questions 31-40

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer

Elephant

31. record of their date of birth and also their mothers

Findings

32. social system has many layers

Corporation

33. two elephants get the food using rope

Flexibility

34. Some elephants move to a new area because there’s lack of rain

Emotions

35. move bones of another elephant after death

Intelligence

36. their brain weight is high in comparison with that of their body

37. how they walk obvious change

38. older male makes a better partner; older female recognize danger

39. how they smell – difficult to study in the wild

40. how sensitive one to another

Passage 1

Topic

An unsung sense

Content Review

P1 Smelling is a sense that seemingly unimportant than seeing and hearing.

P2 One of the first people to assert the relative unimportance of human smelling was Pierre Paul Broca, an influential 19th-century anatomist. After comparing the proportion of the brain devoted to smell in different animals, he suggested that mammals can be classed into two broad groups: macrosmatic mammals, such as dogs, have a finely tuned sense of smell which they rely on to perceive the world, while we, along with other primates and the marine mammals, are microsmatic – we have a small and functionally redundant olfactory apparatus.

P3 That idea seemed to fit with more recent studies in genetics, which found that the majority of mammals have genes coding for about 1000 different types of smell receptor. Most of these genes aren’t expressed in humans, giving our noses just 400 different types of receptor.

P4 Once researchers began looking, they found the nose to be far more sensitive than its reputation suggested. One study, for example, found that we can detect certain chemicals diluted in water to less than one part per billion. That means that a person can detect just a few drops of a strong odorant in an Olympic-sized pool.

P5 Smelling has great influence on human's perception. (example: releasing of novel smells like lime into the Dutch nightclub makes the youth dance harder, move harder and even think music is better where there is indeed no change in the way it is played)

Other work has found that scent can influence cognitive skills of 95% of the human whilst 5% are aware of that. A study this year by William Overman and colleagues at the University of North Carolina Wilmington found that when men were subjected to a novel smell – either good or bad – during a gambling task used to test decision-making skills, they performed significantly worse than normal. The researchers conclude the scent stimulated brain areas connected with emotion, making their decisions emotional rather than rational.

P6 The reason that smelling is underweighted may due to the fact that it can't locate its source whereas hearing and vision could do so with precision.

P7 Human can identify about 4 odors out of complex smells, but for professional perfumer are capable of recognizing more odors with such ability we possess at birth.

P8 There is an established link between smelling and memory/emotion. Novel and unpleasant smell can stroke stronger smell rather than the pleasant ones. As we usually get to know the new smell when we are little, such smells can therefore refresh us with great childhood memories.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-6 complete the note below

Humans as well as other 1. primates are considered as small smell organ, a marine mammals, are microsmatic – we have a small and functionally redundant olfactory apparatus.

Humans have about 2. 400 different types of receptor.

A person can detect just a 3. drop of a strong odorant in an Olympic-sized pool.

Experiment of influences of smells in regards to human's reception is performed at a Dutch 4. nightclub.

Dutch youngster thinks 5. music are better even there is no change to it. 

Cognitive skills of 6. 95% of the human are influenced by the scent.

Questions 7-13 T/F/NG

7. Hearing and vision can exactly locate its source. T (對應原文locate with precision）

8. Human can identify about few odors out of complex smells. T (對應原文4 odors)

9. We need to receive professional training to be able to recognize more odors in the complex smells. F (對立原文we are born with such ability)

10. F

11. Pleasant smells can evoke the stronger emotion. F (對立原文Unpleasant smells can evoke the stronger emotion.

12. Sense of smell reduce in adulthood. NG

13. Smells that are associated with memories could recall our childhood experience. T

(As we usually get to know the new smell when we are little, such smells can therefore refresh us with great childhood memories.)

Passage 2

Topic

左右手成因

Content Review

Being Left-handed in the right-handed world

The world is designed for right-handed people. Right-handed people outnumber left-handed people by nine to one. Why does a tenth of the population prefer the left?

A. The probability that two right-handed people would have a left-handed child is only about 9.5 percent. The chance rises to 19.5 percent if one parent is a lefty and 26 percent if both parents are left-handed. The preference, however, could also stem from an infant’s imitation of his parents. To test genetic influence, starting in the 1970s British biologist Marian Annett of the University of Leicester hypothesized that no single gene determines handedness. Rather, during fetal development, a certain molecular factor helps to strengthen the brain’s left hemisphere, which increase the probability that the right hand will be dominant, because the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body. Among the minority of people who lack this factor, handedness develops entirely by chance. Research conducted on twins complicates the theory, however. One in five sets of identical twins involves one right-handed and one left-handed person, despite the fact that their genetic material is the same. Gene, therefore, are not solely responsible for handedness.

B. Genetic theory is also undermined by results from Peter Hepper and his team at Queen’s University in Belfast, Ireland. In 2004 the psychologists used ultrasound to show that by the 15th week of pregnancy, fetuses already have a preference as to which thumb they suck. In most cases, the preference continued after birth. At 15 weeks, though, the brain does not yet have control over the body’s limbs. Hepper speculates that fetuses tend to prefer whichever side of the body is developing quicker and that their movements, in turn, influence the brain’s development. Whether this early preference is temporary or holds up throughout development and infancy is unknown. Genetic predetermination is also contradicted by the widespread observation that children do not settle on either their right or left hand until they are two or three years old.

C. Specilization in either side of the body is a commonality among animals. Cats will favor one paw over another when fishing toys out from under the couch. Horses stomp more frequently with one hoof than the other. Certain crabs motion predominantly with the left or right claw. In evolutionary terms, focusing power and dexterity in one limb is more efficient than having to train two, four or even eight limbs equally. Yet for most animals, the preference for one side or the other is seemingly random. The overwhelming dominance of the right hand is associated only with humans. That fact directs attention toward the brain’s two hemispheres and perhaps toward language.

D. Interest in hemispheres dates back to at least 1836 reported by a French doctor. That year, at a medical conference, French physician Marc Dax reported on an unusual commonality among his patients. During his many years as a country doctor, Dax had encountered more than 40 men and women for whom speech was difficult, the result of some kind of brain damage. What was unique was that every individual suffered damage to the left side of the brain. At the conference, Dax elaborated on his theory, stating that each half of the brain was responsible for certain functions and that the left hemisphere controlled speech. Other experts showed little interest in the Frenchman’s ideas. Over time, however, scientists found more and more evidence of people experiencing speech difficulties following injury to the left brain. Patients with damage to the right hemisphere most often displayed disruptions in perception or concentration. Major advancements in understanding the brain’s asymmetry were made in the 1960s as a result of so-called split-brain surgery, developed to help patients with epilepsy. During this operation, doctors severed the corpus-callous- the nerve bundle that connects the two hemispheres. The surgical cut also stopped almost all normal communication between the two hemispheres, which offered researchers the opportunity to investigate each side’s activity.

E. In 1949 neurosurgeon John Wada devised the first surgical test to provide access to the brain’s functional organization of language. By injecting an anesthetic into the right or left carotid artery, Wada temporarily paralyzed one side of a healthy brain, enabling him to more closely study the other side’s capabilities. Based on this approach, Brenda Milner and the late Theodore Rasmussen of the Montreal Neurological Institute published a major study in1975 that confirmed the theory that country doctor Dax had formulated nearly140 years earlier: in 96 percent of right-handed people, language is processed much more intensely in the left hemisphere. The correlation is not as clear in lefties, however. For two thirds of them, the left hemisphere is still the most active language processor. But for the remaining third, either the right side is dominant or both sides work equally, controlling different language functions.

F. That last statistic has slowed acceptance of the notion that the predominance of right-handedness is driven by left-hemisphere dominance in language processing. It is not at all clear why language control should somehow have dragged the control of body movement with it. Some experts think one reason the left hemisphere reigns over language is because the organs of speech processing – the larynx and tongue – are positioned on the body’s symmetry-axis. Because these structures were centered, it may have been unclear, in evolutionary terms, which side of the brain should control them, and it seems unlikely that shared operation would result in smooth motor activity. Language and handedness could have developed preferentially for very different reasons as well. For example, some researchers, including evolutionary psychologist Michael C. Corballis of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, think that the origin of human speech lies in gestures. Gestures predated words and helped language emerge. If the left hemisphere began to dominate speech, it would have dominated gestures, too, and because the left brain controls the right side of the body, the right hand developed more strongly. Perhaps we will know more soon. In the meantime, we can revel in what, if any, differences handedness brings to our human talents.

G. Popular wisdom says right-handed, left-brained people excel at logical, analytical thinking. Left-handed, right-brained individuals are thought to possess more creative skills and may be better at combining the functional features emergent in both sides of the brain. Yet some neuroscientists see such claims as pure speculation. Few scientists are ready to claim that left-handedness means greater creative potential. Yet lefties are prevalent among artists, composers and the generally acknowledged great political thinkers. Possibly if these individuals are among the lefties whose language abilities are evenly distributed between hemispheres, the intense interplay required could lead to unusual mental capabilities.

Or perhaps some lefties become highly creative simply because they must be cleverer to get by in our right-handed world. This battle, which begins during the very early stages of childhood, may lay the groundwork for exceptional achievements.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-18 Which section contains the following information?

14. Preference of using one side of the body in animal species.   C

(species other than human beings prefer one side of body)  

15. A reference to an early discovery of each hemisphere’s function.    D 

16. The age when the preference of using one hand is settled.   B

17. How likely one-handedness is born.   A

18. Occupations usually found in left-handed population.   G

Questions 19-22

Match each researcher with the correct finding.

A. Early language evolution is correlated to body movement and thus affecting the preference of use of one hand.

B. No single biological component determines the handedness of a child.

C. Each hemisphere of the brain is in charge of different body functions.

D. Language process is mainly centered in the left-hemisphere of the brain.

E. Speech difficulties are often caused by brain damage.

F. The rate of development of one side of the body has influence on hemisphere preference in fetus.

G. Brain function already matures by the end of the fetal stage.

19. Marian Annett   B

20. Peter Hepper   F

21. Brenda Milner & Theodore Rasmussen   D

22. Michael Corballis   A

Questions 23-26 T/F/NG

23. The study of twins shows that genetic determination is not the only factor for left-handedness.   T   

24. Marc Dax’s report was highly accepted in his time.   F

25. Juhn Wada based his findings on his research of people with language problems.  NG

26. There tend to be more men with left-handedness than women   NG

Passage 3

Topic

語言的流失

Content Review

P1 “Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearance of 90 percent of the very field to which it is dedicated”-Micheal Krauss,” The World’s languages in Crisis”.

P2 Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages for several reasons: 1. there is scientific self-interest-some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech. 2. Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages.

P3 Despite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past 10 years, the field has accomplished depressingly little. +幾個人的觀點 Sarah G Thomason+Douglas H. Whalen+Nicholas Ostler.

P4 But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner. +The Volkswagen Foundation例子

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-34 段落配對

i data consistency needed for language the SI TER   F

ii success of a conversation program   E

iii Positive gains for protection   G

iv minimum requirement for saving a language

v Potential failure of a conversation program   A

vi Value of minority language to linguists   C

vii Benefits of changing languages   B

viii Practise in several developing countries   

ix Attitude of majority language speakers   H

Questions 35-38 選擇人物觀點

Nicholas Ostler---predicted many languages would disappear soon

Sarah G. Thomason---saving language is the top priorities of languages study

Joseph E. Grimes

Douglas H. Whalen---solution to deal with the problem

Questions 39-40 選擇題

那個scheme項目的目的是？

C. Prevent further loss of already endangered languages

關于majority speakers說法正確的是

D. Should be more tolerant of minority languages.

Task 1

Type of questions

柱圖

題目

The following chart shows the percentage of people on different ages using newly technologies in UK.

Task 2

Topic

犯罪

Type of questions

觀點類

題目

Some people believe that young people who commit serious crimes, such as robbery or violent attack, should be punished in the same way as adults.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

People & Animal

Pop star/Idol (New)

Neighbour (New)

Person in history (New)

Friends

Events

Daily routine (New)

Outdoor activities

Indoor Games

Objects/Things