考托?？荚嚨目忌鷤兌贾劳懈ｉ喿x的一大特點就是文章長、句子長和題目長，想要在規(guī)定的時間內完成所有的閱讀篇幅并保證正確率，是很多考生們較頭痛的，面對長度這一難關，上海新航道托福培訓學校老師給大家?guī)斫鉀Q托福閱讀“長”的問題，下面就是解決問題。

  1. 托福閱讀長文章

  說完句子結構，下面來說說段落和文章結構的重要性。面對比較長的段落和文章，要在短時間內快速抓住重點信息，做對題目，那么對文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真題文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落為例來講解。

  In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers. Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it, workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

  對于這種較長的段落，如何快速辨別段落內部結構和句與句之間的邏輯是理解的關鍵。[一般來說，段落的主題常出現的位置在段首和段尾，但是也有例外，比如段落內部出現轉折，那么要注意轉折后的內容與前面相反而且是重點。]

  這個段落，首句在講兩個黨派的社會組成是相似的，接著的第二三句出現了both、neither表示“都”、“都不”，提出了兩點相似之處。第四句出現了關鍵性的however，而該句以及接下來的句子主語也發(fā)生了轉變，都變?yōu)閮蓚€黨派的其中一個。那么，可以推斷出however之后的內容與前面相反，所以段落的主題落在了Democrats和Whigs社會組成的不同之處。

  2.托福閱讀長題目

  (包括選項)

  有些學生過五關斬六將，好不容易將文章意思弄懂的差不多了，一看題目和選項瞬間又一臉懵x。于是只能依靠“經典口訣”來蒙答案，三短一長選一長，三長一短選一短，參差不齊就選c。大家不要模仿哦!

  選項看不懂這種情況的出現是為什么呢?主要原因在于選項的同義改寫。

  同義，意味著核心意思保持一致;改寫，意味著換一種說法，簡單的例如替換同義詞語，復雜的例如改變句子結構。下面，我們結合前面所講的長難句理解內容來做一道句子簡化題。

  The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A. Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.

  B. Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.

  C. The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.

  D. The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.

  答案：選D

  單詞：

  integrate v. 使融合;使結合

  dominate v. 主宰

  semisubsistence n. 半自給自足

  languish v. 失去活力

  快速做法：

  Step 1：根據邏輯排除A，因果邏輯無

  Step 2：根據主干結構排除C，主語不對

  Step 3：細讀B和D，發(fā)現B與原句矛盾，排除。

  詳細解析：

  原句的結構比較簡單易懂，主語是紅色部分。句子邏輯是綠色的whereas，表示“然而”。所以這句話是在對比Whigs和Democrats勢力分布上的區(qū)別。

  A選項的極端詞only、最高級wealthiest、because因果邏輯均無體現

  B選項表示兩個黨派的勢力在城市和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)各自自然分布，與原句前半句矛盾

  C選賢偷換主干，原句主干不是farming areas

  D選項涉及同義改寫，whereas與while同義替換，邏輯對應。poorer areas同義對應原句的more isolated and languishing economically;market fully operating同義對應原句的fully integrated into market economy

  3. 托福閱讀長句子

  俗話說得好，世上本沒有長難句，修飾成分多了便有了長難句。面對一個難以理解的長句子，我們首先去反應一個問題，這個句子的生詞多不多?如果有較多不認識的生詞，那么先從單詞的查漏補缺開始做起。然而本文的重點不是單詞的記憶，而是面對單詞基本都認識，句子還是不理解或者讀不下去的問題該怎么辦。那么，問題的關鍵在于句子的語法結構你是否能夠明析，能否快速判斷出句子的主干和細節(jié)。接下來我們用一個例子加以說明。

  A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

  這個句子的單詞難度比較適中，但是句子本身的難度并不小。原因在于句子結構比較復雜，我們來對它進行庖丁解牛。

  A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need.

  紅色部分劃出了這個句子的核心主干(即主謂賓)，間隔很大，支離破碎。注意后半部分嵌入了倒裝句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物動詞，后面卻加了介詞in，說明此處有倒裝，還原正常語序應是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒裝出現的意義在于idea和need在原句中的后置定語(即藍色劃線部分)太長，為了防止頭重腳輕。

  原句中綠色部分是人名的并列，也是本句主語art collectors的同位語。紫色部分是colonists的非謂語動詞后置定語，黃色部分是插入語用來進一步解釋art collectors。

  綜上所述，本句運用了多種語法結構(并列，倒裝，同位語，后置定語，插入語)把主干部分分割得支離破碎，如果對這些語法結構不熟悉的同學肯定會一下子摸不著頭腦。而如果能夠盡最大努力把握其用法，那么對閱讀的速度和正確率的提升都有很大幫助。

  翻譯：幾位藝術收藏家(此處省略幾位藝術家名字)將歐洲藝術傳統介紹給那些被特許參觀他們畫廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱負的藝術家們，并在他們各自的社區(qū)建立了藝術具有價值的觀念和致力于鼓勵其發(fā)展的機構的需要。

  以上對于長難句，首先需要按照邏輯排除與原句不對應的改寫，其次注意主干結構是否原句一致。掌握好這兩個關鍵的步驟，很大程度上可以幫助我們快速排除掉“一本正經胡說八道”的選項了。更多的托福閱讀資訊，請點擊托福閱讀頻道